Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposites via 3D and 4D Printing—Design and Technical Potential

Graphene is an important nanocarbon nanofiller for polymeric matrices. The polymer–graphene nanocomposites, obtained through facile fabrication methods, possess significant electrical–thermal–mechanical and physical properties technical purposes. To overcome challenges of nanocomposite processing high performance, advanced strategies have been applied to design the next-generation materials–devices. This revolutionary review basically offers a fundamental sketch graphene, three-dimensional (3D) four-dimensional (4D) printing techniques. main focus article portray impact 3D 4D techniques in field nanocomposites. Polymeric matrices, such as polyamide, polycaprolactone, polyethylene, poly(lactic acid), etc. with processed using or technologies. employ various cutting-edge processes offer engineering opportunities meet manufacturing demands nanomaterials. methods used graphene nanocomposites include direct ink writing, selective laser sintering, stereolithography, fused deposition modeling other approaches. Thermally stable acid)–graphene oxide technique. 3D-printed poly(methyl methacrylate)–graphene printed stereolithography additive revealed enhanced morphological, mechanical biological properties. polyethylene–graphene by diffusion superior thermal conductivity, strength, modulus radiation- shielding features. number approaches, including modeling, etc., resulting unique honeycomb morphology, surface temperature, resistivity, glass transition temperature linear coefficient. has on acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, acid) thermosetting matrices nanofiller. Stereolithography-based 4D-printed nanomaterials complex shape-changing nanostructures having resolution. These materials stability performance applications. Consequently, 3D- applications relevance, photovoltaics, sensing, energy storage fields. In short, this paper reviewed background printing, graphene-based 3D–4D development technologies printing.